Beno Rothenberg

Beno Rothenberg (1914-2012) was an Israeli archaeologist and photographer who directed excavations in the Timna Valley from 1964 to 1990, establishing the site as the most extensively documented ancient copper mining operation in the Levant.

The Timna Valley, located approximately 30 km north of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Arabah, contains copper mines and smelting sites spanning from the Chalcolithic period through the Roman era. Rothenberg's excavations documented extensive Egyptian New Kingdom mining operations during the 19th and 20th Dynasties (c. 1300-1150 BC), including a temple to the Egyptian goddess Hathor at Site 200.

Rothenberg's most intriguing discovery was evidence of Midianite presence at the Hathor temple site after Egyptian withdrawal. The temple was converted into a tent shrine with Midianite pottery, and a small copper serpent was found that has been compared to the bronze serpent Moses made in the wilderness (Numbers 21:8-9). While the connection is suggestive rather than proven, the discovery places Midianite cultic activity in the same geographical region and approximate period as the biblical wilderness narratives.

Rothenberg initially attributed much of the Timna mining to Solomon's era, supporting the "King Solomon's Mines" identification. Later research, particularly by Erez Ben-Yosef, has confirmed significant 10th-century BC mining activity at the site through radiocarbon dating, though the direct Solomonic connection remains debated. The site demonstrates that sophisticated metallurgical operations existed in the biblical Negev during the period of the early monarchy.